Prerequisite Course/Knowledge:

Elementary knowledge of Calculus. Much of mathematics relies on our ability to be able to solve equations, if not in explicit exact forms, then at least in being able to establish the existence of solutions. To do this requires a knowledge of so-called "analysis", which in many respects is just Calculus in very general settings. The foundations for this work are commenced in Real Analysis, a course that develops this basic material in a systematic and rigorous manner in the context of realvalued functions of a real variable.
Instructor: Uttam Singh
Office: CQST, Vindhya (level 3)
Tutors: ..

Syllabus covered:

Unit 1 [6 hours]

Peano Axioms and Natural Numbers, Axiom of Choice and Set Theory, Russel’s Paradox, Cardinality of Sets, Integers, Rationals, Real Numbers, Functions of Real Numbers.

Unit 2 [16.5 hours]

Sequences of Rational and Real Numbers, Convergence of Sequences, Limits of Sequences, Limit Laws, Suprema and Infima of Sequences, Limit Superior, Limit Inferior and Limit Points of Sequences, Some Convergence Tests of Sequences, Cauchy Sequences, Bounded and Monotone Sequences, Sub sequences and Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem.

Finite and Infinite Series, Convergence and Absolute Convergence of Infinite Series, Series Laws, Rearrangements of Infinite Series, Some tests of Convergence of Infinite Series: Root Test, Ratio Test, Raabe’s Test, etc.

Countable and Uncountable Sets, Summation on Countable Sets and Fubini’s Theorem, Cantor’s Theorem, Ordered Sets and Zorn’s Lemma, Closure of Sets, Limit Points of a Set, Bounded and Unbounded Sets, Heine-Borel Theorem.

Unit 3 [16.5 hours]

Continuity of Function of Real Numbers, Maxima, Minima, and Maximum Principle for Functions of Real Numbers, Intermediate Value Theorem, Monotonic and Uniformly Continuous Functions, Limits at Infinity.

Differentiability of Functions, Differential Calculus, Local Maxima and Minima of Functions, Mean Value Theorems (Rolle’s Theorem, Cauchy Mean Value Theorem, Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem), Indeterminate Forms and L'Hôpitals' Rule.

Partition of Sets, Upper and Lower Rieman Integrals, Riemann Sums, Some Integrable and Riemann non Integrable Functions, Two Fundamental Theorems of Calculus.

Textbook:

  • Terence Tao, Analysis I, 3rd ed., Springer, 2016. [Primary]

Companion Books:

  • Robert G. Bartle, Donald R. Sherbert, Introduction to Real Analysis.
  • Walter Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis.
  • S. K. Mapa, Introduction to Real Analysis.

Weightages:

  • Assignments: 20 marks
  • Quizzes: 20 marks
  • Mid Sem: 20 marks
  • End Sem: 40 marks

Course Calendar [ Almanac-M26 ]

Week Date Lecture Homework
01 11/08/26 [Tuesday] Lecture 1
Need for doing real analysis: Rearrangement of series, Exchanging the order of limits, Convergence of sequences, etc. Natural numbers, Peano Axioms, Principle of mathematical induction.
14/08/26 [Friday] Lecture 2
Recursive definitions, Addition, Properties of additon, Positive natural numbers, Order relation on natural numbers (greater than equal to).
02 18/08/26 [Tuesday] Lecture 3
Order on the natural numbers, Strong principle of induction, Multiplication of natural number, Properties of multiplication, Euclidean algorithm, Exponentiation of natural numbers, Introduction of aximomatic set theory.
21/08/26 [Friday] Lecture 4
Axioms of set theory, Union, intersection, and difference of sets, Russell's paradox.
03 25/08/26 [Tuesday] No class (Wednesday's schedule)
28/08/26 [Friday] Lecture 5
Functions and their composition, Injective, surjective, and bijective functions, Images and inverse images of the sets under functions, Power set axiom.
Practice Problems 1 (with solution)
04 01/09/26 [Tuesday] Lecture 6
Power set, Union axiom, Union and intersection over indexed sets, Ordered pairs and their various representations, Cartesian products, Cardinality of sets.

Additional Notes
Cardinality is unique, and if $X$ has cardinality $n \geq 1$, then $X - \{x\}$ has cardinality $m$ with $m\mathbin{++} = n$.
Assignment 1
Due Friday 11/09/26
02/09/26 [Wednesday] Quiz 1
Quiz 1 (QP)
04/09/26 [Friday] Lecture 7
Finite and Infinite Sets, $N$ is an infinite set, Cardinal Arithmatic, Integers, Laws of algebra of integers.

Additional Notes
Proofs for cardinal arithmatic.
05 08/09/26 [Tuesday] Lecture 8
Negation of integeres, Subtraction of integers, Rational numbers, Reciprocal of rational numbers, Positive and negative rational numbers, Absolute values, Distance between rationals, properties of distance, $\epsilon$-closeness of rationals.
11/09/26 [Friday] Lecture 9
Rational to the power integers, Archimedean property for rationals, Density of rartionals (between any two rationals there is another rational), Gaps in rationals (there is no rational $x$ such that $x^2=2$), Principle of infinite descent for naturals, Even and odd natural numbers.

[The pdf contains proof (which was left in the class) that rationals can reach arbitrarily close to $\sqrt{2}$.]
06 15/09/26 [Tuesday] Lecture 10
Sequences of rationals, Cauchy Sequences, Bounded Sequences, Every Cauchy sequence is bounded, Equivalence of sequences, Real numbers as formal limits of Cauchy sequences of rationals.

Additional Notes
(a) Sums and products of Cauchy Sequences are Cauchy. (b) If Cauchy sequence $(a_n)$ is equivalent to Cauchy sequence $(b_n)$ and $(c_n)$ is another Cauchy sequence, then Cauchy sequences $(a_n+c_n)$ and $(b_n+c_n)$ are equivalent. Similarly, $(a_n c_n)$ is equivalent to $(b_n c_n)$.
18/09/26 [Friday] Lecture 11
Addition and multiplication of real numbers, Embedding of rationals in reals, Sequences that bounded away from zero.
Practice Problems 2 (with solution)
07 22/09/26 [Tuesday] No Class
Assignment 2
Due Tue 06/10/26
23/09/26 [Wednesday] Mid Sem
25/09/26 [Friday] Lecture 12
Nonzero reals and their inverses, Positively and negatively bounded sequences, Positive and negative reals, Ordering of reals, Nonnegative reals form a closed set, If $(a_n)$ and $(b_n)$ are two Cauchy sequences with $a_n\geq b_n$ for all $n$, then $\mathrm{LIM}_{n\to\infty}a_n \geq \mathrm{LIM}_{n\to\infty}b_n$, Bounding reals by rationals, Archimedean property of reals.
08 29/09/26 [Tuesday] Lecture 13
Bracketing reals by integers (For all $x\in\mathbb{R}$, there exists integer $m$ such that $m-1 \leq x \lt m $), Density of rationals in reals ($x\lt y$ implies there exists rational $q$ such that $x\lt q\lt y$), Upper bounds and least upper bound on the subset of reals, Uniqueness of least upper bound, Bracketing a subset of reals by shrinking upper bounds.
01/10/26 [Thursday] Lecture 14
Existence of the least upper bound on nonempty subsets of reals (that have an upper bound), There is a positive real number $x$ such that $x^2=2$, The set $E=\{q\in \mathbb{Q} ~:~ q^2\lt 2\}$ has no least upper bound inside rationals, Supremum of a subset of reals, Exponentiation of reals by rationals as supremum of certain sets.
02/10/26 [Friday] No class
09 06/10/26 [Tuesday] Lecture 15
Formal limits are actual limits, Cauchy sequences of reals, Convergence of sequences, Limits of sequences, Limits are unique, Every convergent sequences is a Cauchy sequence, Bounded sequences, Every convergent sequence is bounded, Limit laws.
09/10/26 [Friday] Lecture 16
Extended real number system ($R^*$), Supremum and infimum on subsets of $R^*$, Supremum and infimum of sequences, Bounded monotone sequences are convergent, Limit points of sequences.
10 13/10/26 [Tuesday] Lecture 17
Limit superior and limit inferior, relation between limits, limit points, limit superior and limit inferior.
16/10/26 [Friday] Lecture 18
Comparison principle for infimum, supremum, limit inferior, and limit superior, Squeeze test for convergence of sequences, Completeness of real numbers (Every convergent sequence of reals is Cauchy and vice-versa), Subsequences, Relation between limits, limit points and subsequence.
11 10/10/26 [Tuesday] No class
23/10/26 [Friday] Quiz 2
Quiz 2 (QP)
12 27/10/26 [Tuesday] Lecture 19
Rational exponentiation, Real exponentiation, Subsequences, Relation between limits, limit points and subsequence, Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem (Every bounded sequence of reals has at least one convergent subsequence).
30/10/26 [Friday] Lecture 20
Infinite Series and their convergence, Absolute convergence, Various tests of convergence: Zero test, Alternating series test.
13 03/11/26 [Tuesday] Lecture 21
Infinite series laws, Cauchy convergence test, Harmonic series, Rearrangement of series, Grouping of series, Root test, Ratio test.
06/11/26 [Friday] No Class
14 10/11/26 [Tuesday] Lecture 22
13/11/26 [Friday] Lecture 23
15 17/11/26 [Tuesday] Lecture 24
16 24/11/26 [Tuesday] End Sem